FBI
A
Byte Out of History
50
Years Since Mississippi Burning
06/20/14
Fifty
years ago, our country was in the midst of a struggle to extend full
rights and liberties to all of its citizens. On the national stage,
the long legislative fight on the landmark Civil Rights Act was
nearing a conclusion. Regionally, the push to roll back odious Jim
Crow laws led to demonstrations between opponents of the legal
discrimination and supporters of the status quo.
In
Mississippi, the center of the civil rights effort in 1964 was the
Freedom Summer, in which committed activists and local residents
encouraged African-Americans to register to vote—fewer than seven
percent of those eligible were registered at the time. The Council of
Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of civil rights groups,
arranged the drive, and orientation for its registrars had begun in
mid-June.
Michael
Schwerner, a 24-year-old social worker, had just started a job with
with the Congress on Racial Equality in Mississippi and quickly came
to the attention of local Klan members. He had been at the Freedom
Summer training in Ohio and was returning to Mississippi with fellow
activists Andrew Goodman and James Chaney. Their plan was to visit
Mount Zion Church in Neshoba County, which had been burned by the
Klan.
Arriving
in Philadelphia, Mississippi on June 21, the three were arrested by
Deputy Sheriff Cecil Price, who charged Chaney with speeding and held
the other two “for investigation.” Though the men were released
from custody later that night and set off for their lodgings, they
were followed out of town. They never made it to their destination.
Even
before that, their friends at COFO had become concerned. Schwerner’s
travel plans indicated the three would arrive at their hotel that
afternoon. When they missed 4 p.m. check-in, COFO began to try and
track their whereabouts, calling around the county throughout the
evening. By 10 p.m., around the time they were released, COFO still
hadn’t heard from them and relayed their concerns to the local FBI
and a Department of Justice representative who was in the area. At
that point, though, nothing was known of the three or about what had
happened. Without evidence to suspect foul play, there were no
grounds yet for FBI involvement.
But
in this case, the ramifications were not just a local matter. The
voting rights drive in Mississippi and its national implications were
clearly on the radars of President Johnson and Attorney General
Robert Kennedy, who took great interest in civil rights matters.
Although the FBI’s local agent had begun asking about the missing
workers on June 22, the Justice Department wanted even more
involvement and told the FBI to place additional agents on the case.
By
the next day, another 10 agents had been assigned to the case. The
FBI received a tip about a burning station wagon seen in the woods
off of Highway 21, about 13 miles northeast of Philadelphia—it was
the men’s vehicle. Soon after the find, FBI Director J. Edgar
Hoover was advising President Johnson on the case. With no remains
found in the car, there was a slim hope that the three might still be
found alive. President Johnson informed the Schwerner family and
closely followed the FBI’s progress.
The
Mississippi Burning, or MIBURN, case quickly became one of the
Bureau’s biggest investigations; FBI resources and personnel that
moved into Mississippi that summer—including the opening of the new
FBI field office in the state capitol—reflected the massive effort.
A closer look at the fate of the missing workers and the FBI’s role
during this pivotal time will be the focus of a series of stories
this summer on FBI.gov.
Additional
information can be found at FBI Byte
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